Release: 1.4.53 | Release Date: July 29, 2024

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# Loading Columns

This section presents additional options regarding the loading of columns.

## Deferred Column Loading

Deferred column loading allows particular columns of a table be loaded only upon direct access, instead of when the entity is queried using `Query`. This feature is useful when one wants to avoid loading a large text or binary field into memory when it’s not needed. Individual columns can be lazy loaded by themselves or placed into groups that lazy-load together, using the `deferred()` function to mark them as “deferred”. In the example below, we define a mapping that will load each of `.excerpt` and `.photo` in separate, individual-row SELECT statements when each attribute is first referenced on the individual object instance:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import deferred
    from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, Text, Binary, Column

    class Book(Base):
        __tablename__ = "book"

        book_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        title = Column(String(200), nullable=False)
        summary = Column(String(2000))
        excerpt = deferred(Column(Text))
        photo = deferred(Column(Binary))

Classical mappings as always place the usage of `deferred()` in the `properties` dictionary against the table-bound `Column`:

    mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
        Book, book_table, properties={"photo": deferred(book_table.c.photo)}
    )

Deferred columns can be associated with a “group” name, so that they load together when any of them are first accessed. The example below defines a mapping with a `photos` deferred group. When one `.photo` is accessed, all three photos will be loaded in one SELECT statement. The `.excerpt` will be loaded separately when it is accessed:

    class Book(Base):
        __tablename__ = "book"

        book_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        title = Column(String(200), nullable=False)
        summary = Column(String(2000))
        excerpt = deferred(Column(Text))
        photo1 = deferred(Column(Binary), group="photos")
        photo2 = deferred(Column(Binary), group="photos")
        photo3 = deferred(Column(Binary), group="photos")

### Deferred Column Loader Query Options

Columns can be marked as “deferred” or reset to “undeferred” at query time using options which are passed to the `Query.options()` method; the most basic query options are `defer()` and `undefer()`:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
    from sqlalchemy.orm import undefer

    query = session.query(Book)
    query = query.options(defer("summary"), undefer("excerpt"))
    query.all()

Above, the “summary” column will not load until accessed, and the “excerpt” column will load immediately even if it was mapped as a “deferred” column.

`deferred()` attributes which are marked with a “group” can be undeferred using `undefer_group()`, sending in the group name:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import undefer_group

    query = session.query(Book)
    query.options(undefer_group("photos")).all()

### Deferred Loading across Multiple Entities

To specify column deferral for a `Query` that loads multiple types of entities at once, the deferral options may be specified more explicitly using class-bound attributes, rather than string names:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import defer

    query = session.query(Book, Author).join(Book.author)
    query = query.options(defer(Author.bio))

Column deferral options may also indicate that they take place along various relationship paths, which are themselves often eagerly loaded with loader options. All relationship-bound loader options support chaining onto additional loader options, which include loading for further levels of relationships, as well as onto column-oriented attributes at that path. Such as, to load `Author` instances, then joined-eager-load the `Author.books` collection for each author, then apply deferral options to column-oriented attributes onto each `Book` entity from that relationship, the `joinedload()` loader option can be combined with the `load_only()` option (described later in this section) to defer all `Book` columns except those explicitly specified:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload

    query = session.query(Author)
    query = query.options(
        joinedload(Author.books).load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt),
    )

Option structures as above can also be organized in more complex ways, such as hierarchically using the `Load.options()` method, which allows multiple sub-options to be chained to a common parent option at once. Any mixture of string names and class-bound attribute objects may be used:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
    from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload
    from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only

    query = session.query(Author)
    query = query.options(
        joinedload(Author.book).options(
            load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt),
            joinedload(Book.citations).options(
                joinedload(Citation.author), defer(Citation.fulltext)
            ),
        )
    )

New in version 1.3.6: Added `Load.options()` to allow easier construction of hierarchies of loader options.

Another way to apply options to a path is to use the `defaultload()` function. This function is used to indicate a particular path within a loader option structure without actually setting any options at that level, so that further sub-options may be applied. The `defaultload()` function can be used to create the same structure as we did above using `Load.options()` as:

    query = session.query(Author)
    query = query.options(
        joinedload(Author.book).load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt),
        defaultload(Author.book).joinedload(Book.citations).joinedload(Citation.author),
        defaultload(Author.book).defaultload(Book.citations).defer(Citation.fulltext),
    )

See also

Relationship Loading with Loader Options - targeted towards relationship loading

### Load Only and Wildcard Options

The ORM loader option system supports the concept of “wildcard” loader options, in which a loader option can be passed an asterisk `"*"` to indicate that a particular option should apply to all applicable attributes of a mapped class. Such as, if we wanted to load the `Book` class but only the “summary” and “excerpt” columns, we could say:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
    from sqlalchemy.orm import undefer

    session.query(Book).options(defer("*"), undefer("summary"), undefer("excerpt"))

Above, the `defer()` option is applied using a wildcard to all column attributes on the `Book` class. Then, the `undefer()` option is used against the “summary” and “excerpt” fields so that they are the only columns loaded up front. A query for the above entity will include only the “summary” and “excerpt” fields in the SELECT, along with the primary key columns which are always used by the ORM.

A similar function is available with less verbosity by using the `load_only()` option. This is a so-called exclusionary option which will apply deferred behavior to all column attributes except those that are named:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only

    session.query(Book).options(load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt))

#### Wildcard and Exclusionary Options with Multiple-Entity Queries

Wildcard options and exclusionary options such as `load_only()` may only be applied to a single entity at a time within a `Query`. To suit the less common case where a `Query` is returning multiple primary entities at once, a special calling style may be required in order to apply a wildcard or exclusionary option, which is to use the `Load` object to indicate the starting entity for a deferral option. Such as, if we were loading `Book` and `Author` at once, the `Query` will raise an informative error if we try to apply `load_only()` to both at once. Using `Load` looks like:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import Load

    query = session.query(Book, Author).join(Book.author)
    query = query.options(Load(Book).load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt))

Above, `Load` is used in conjunction with the exclusionary option `load_only()` so that the deferral of all other columns only takes place for the `Book` class and not the `Author` class. Again, the `Query` object should raise an informative error message when the above calling style is actually required that describes those cases where explicit use of `Load` is needed.

### Raiseload for Deferred Columns

New in version 1.4.

The `deferred()` loader option and the corresponding loader strategy also support the concept of “raiseload”, which is a loader strategy that will raise `InvalidRequestError` if the attribute is accessed such that it would need to emit a SQL query in order to be loaded. This behavior is the column-based equivalent of the `raiseload()` feature for relationship loading, discussed at Preventing unwanted lazy loads using raiseload. Using the `defer.raiseload` parameter on the `defer()` option, an exception is raised if the attribute is accessed:

    book = session.query(Book).options(defer(Book.summary, raiseload=True)).first()

    # would raise an exception
    book.summary

Deferred “raiseload” can be configured at the mapper level via `deferred.raiseload` on `deferred()`, so that an explicit `undefer()` is required in order for the attribute to be usable:

    class Book(Base):
        __tablename__ = "book"

        book_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        title = Column(String(200), nullable=False)
        summary = deferred(Column(String(2000)), raiseload=True)
        excerpt = deferred(Column(Text), raiseload=True)

    book_w_excerpt = session.query(Book).options(undefer(Book.excerpt)).first()

### Column Deferral API

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
defer(key, *addl_attrs, **kw) | Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be deferred, e.g. not loaded until accessed.
deferred(*columns, **kw) | Indicate a column-based mapped attribute that by default will not load unless accessed.
load_only(*attrs) | Indicate that for a particular entity, only the given list of column-based attribute names should be loaded; all others will be deferred.
query_expression([default_expr]) | Indicate an attribute that populates from a query-time SQL expression.
undefer(key, *addl_attrs) | Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be undeferred, e.g. specified within the SELECT statement of the entity as a whole.
undefer_group(name) | Indicate that columns within the given deferred group name should be undeferred.
with_expression(key, expression) | Apply an ad-hoc SQL expression to a “deferred expression” attribute.

function sqlalchemy.orm.defer(key, *addl_attrs, **kw)

  Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be deferred, e.g. not loaded until accessed.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  e.g.:

      from sqlalchemy.orm import defer

      session.query(MyClass).options(
                          defer("attribute_one"),
                          defer("attribute_two"))

      session.query(MyClass).options(
                          defer(MyClass.attribute_one),
                          defer(MyClass.attribute_two))

  To specify a deferred load of an attribute on a related class, the path can be specified one token at a time, specifying the loading style for each link along the chain. To leave the loading style for a link unchanged, use `defaultload()`:

      session.query(MyClass).options(defaultload("someattr").defer("some_column"))

  A `Load` object that is present on a certain path can have `Load.defer()` called multiple times, each will operate on the same parent entity:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
                      defaultload("someattr").
                          defer("some_column").
                          defer("some_other_column").
                          defer("another_column")
          )

  Parameters:

    - key – Attribute to be deferred.

    - raiseload –

      raise `InvalidRequestError` if the column value is to be loaded from emitting SQL. Used to prevent unwanted SQL from being emitted.

      New in version 1.4.

      See also

      Raiseload for Deferred Columns

    - *addl_attrs –

      This option supports the old 0.8 style of specifying a path as a series of attributes, which is now superseded by the method-chained style.

      > Deprecated since version 0.9: The *addl_attrs on `defer()` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use method chaining in conjunction with defaultload() to indicate a path.

  See also

  Deferred Column Loading

  `undefer()`

function sqlalchemy.orm.deferred(*columns, **kw)

  Indicate a column-based mapped attribute that by default will not load unless accessed.

  Parameters:

    - *columns – columns to be mapped. This is typically a single `Column` object, however a collection is supported in order to support multiple columns mapped under the same attribute.

    - raiseload –

      boolean, if True, indicates an exception should be raised if the load operation is to take place.

      New in version 1.4.

      See also

      Raiseload for Deferred Columns

    - **kw – additional keyword arguments passed to `ColumnProperty`.

  See also

  Deferred Column Loading

function sqlalchemy.orm.query_expression(default_expr=<sqlalchemy.sql.elements.Null object>)

  Indicate an attribute that populates from a query-time SQL expression.

  Parameters:

    default_expr –

    Optional SQL expression object that will be used in all cases if not assigned later with `with_expression()`. E.g.:

        from sqlalchemy.sql import literal

        class C(Base):
            #...
            my_expr = query_expression(literal(1))

    New in version 1.3.18.

  New in version 1.2.

  See also

  Query-time SQL expressions as mapped attributes

function sqlalchemy.orm.load_only(*attrs)

  Indicate that for a particular entity, only the given list of column-based attribute names should be loaded; all others will be deferred.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  Example - given a class `User`, load only the `name` and `fullname` attributes:

      session.query(User).options(load_only(User.name, User.fullname))

  Example - given a relationship `User.addresses -> Address`, specify subquery loading for the `User.addresses` collection, but on each `Address` object load only the `email_address` attribute:

      session.query(User).options(
              subqueryload(User.addresses).load_only(Address.email_address)
      )

  For a `Query` that has multiple entities, the lead entity can be specifically referred to using the `Load` constructor:

         session.query(User, Address).join(User.addresses).options(
                     Load(User).load_only(User.name, User.fullname),
                     Load(Address).load_only(Address.email_address)
                 )

      .. note:: This method will still load a :class:`_schema.Column` even
         if the column property is defined with ``deferred=True``
         for the :func:`.column_property` function.

  New in version 0.9.0.

function sqlalchemy.orm.undefer(key, *addl_attrs)

  Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be undeferred, e.g. specified within the SELECT statement of the entity as a whole.

  The column being undeferred is typically set up on the mapping as a `deferred()` attribute.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  Examples:

      # undefer two columns
      session.query(MyClass).options(undefer("col1"), undefer("col2"))

      # undefer all columns specific to a single class using Load + *
      session.query(MyClass, MyOtherClass).options(
          Load(MyClass).undefer("*"))

      # undefer a column on a related object
      session.query(MyClass).options(
          defaultload(MyClass.items).undefer('text'))

  Parameters:

    - key – Attribute to be undeferred.

    - *addl_attrs –

      This option supports the old 0.8 style of specifying a path as a series of attributes, which is now superseded by the method-chained style.

      > Deprecated since version 0.9: The *addl_attrs on `undefer()` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use method chaining in conjunction with defaultload() to indicate a path.

  See also

  Deferred Column Loading

  `defer()`

  `undefer_group()`

function sqlalchemy.orm.undefer_group(name)

  Indicate that columns within the given deferred group name should be undeferred.

  The columns being undeferred are set up on the mapping as `deferred()` attributes and include a “group” name.

  E.g:

      session.query(MyClass).options(undefer_group("large_attrs"))

  To undefer a group of attributes on a related entity, the path can be spelled out using relationship loader options, such as `defaultload()`:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
          defaultload("someattr").undefer_group("large_attrs"))

  Changed in version 0.9.0: `undefer_group()` is now specific to a particular entity load path.

  See also

  Deferred Column Loading

  `defer()`

  `undefer()`

function sqlalchemy.orm.with_expression(key, expression)

  Apply an ad-hoc SQL expression to a “deferred expression” attribute.

  This option is used in conjunction with the `query_expression()` mapper-level construct that indicates an attribute which should be the target of an ad-hoc SQL expression.

  E.g.:

      sess.query(SomeClass).options(
          with_expression(SomeClass.x_y_expr, SomeClass.x + SomeClass.y)
      )

  New in version 1.2.

  Parameters:

    - key – Attribute to be populated.

    - expr – SQL expression to be applied to the attribute.

  Changed in version 1.4: Loader options such as `with_expression()` take effect only at the outermost query used, and should not be used within subqueries or inner elements of a UNION. See the change notes at Column loaders such as deferred(), with_expression() only take effect when indicated on the outermost, full entity query for background on how to correctly add arbitrary columns to subqueries.

  Note

  the target attribute is populated only if the target object is not currently loaded in the current `Session` unless the `Query.populate_existing()` method is used. Please refer to Query-time SQL expressions as mapped attributes for complete usage details.

  See also

  Query-time SQL expressions as mapped attributes

## Column Bundles

The `Bundle` may be used to query for groups of columns under one namespace.

The bundle allows columns to be grouped together:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import Bundle

    bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.data1, MyClass.data2)
    for row in session.query(bn).filter(bn.c.data1 == "d1"):
        print(row.mybundle.data1, row.mybundle.data2)

The bundle can be subclassed to provide custom behaviors when results are fetched. The method `Bundle.create_row_processor()` is given the statement object and a set of “row processor” functions at query execution time; these processor functions when given a result row will return the individual attribute value, which can then be adapted into any kind of return data structure. Below illustrates replacing the usual `Row` return structure with a straight Python dictionary:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import Bundle

    class DictBundle(Bundle):
        def create_row_processor(self, query, procs, labels):
            """Override create_row_processor to return values as dictionaries"""

            def proc(row):
                return dict(zip(labels, (proc(row) for proc in procs)))

            return proc

Note

The `Bundle` construct only applies to column expressions. It does not apply to ORM attributes mapped using `relationship()`.

Changed in version 1.0: The `proc()` callable passed to the `create_row_processor()` method of custom `Bundle` classes now accepts only a single “row” argument.

A result from the above bundle will return dictionary values:

    bn = DictBundle("mybundle", MyClass.data1, MyClass.data2)
    for row in session.query(bn).filter(bn.c.data1 == "d1"):
        print(row.mybundle["data1"], row.mybundle["data2"])

The `Bundle` construct is also integrated into the behavior of `composite()`, where it is used to return composite attributes as objects when queried as individual attributes.